þÿ<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta name=Title content="Paper Title (use style: paper title)"> <meta name=Keywords content=""> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=unicodeFFFE"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel=File-List href="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/filelist.xml"> <link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/editdata.mso"> <link rel=OLE-Object-Data href="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/oledata.mso"> <!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--> <title>Workshop on End-to-End, Sense-and-Respond Systems, Applications, and Services &#151; Technical Paper</title> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>IEEE</o:Author> <o:Template>Normal</o:Template> <o:LastAuthor>Michael Zink</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>2</o:Revision> <o:LastPrinted>2005-05-04T23:16:00Z</o:LastPrinted> <o:Created>2005-05-04T23:34:00Z</o:Created> <o:LastSaved>2005-05-04T23:34:00Z</o:LastSaved> <o:Pages>3</o:Pages> <o:Words>4004</o:Words> <o:Characters>22825</o:Characters> <o:Company>IEEE</o:Company> <o:Lines>190</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>45</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>28030</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>11.257</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:DoNotHyphenateCaps/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:Compatibility> <w:DoNotUseHTMLParagraphAutoSpacing/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Times New Roman"; panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Arial; panose-1:0 2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Courier New"; panose-1:0 2 7 3 9 2 2 5 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; panose-1:0 5 2 1 2 1 8 4 8 7; mso-font-charset:2; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 256 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Lucida Grande"; panose-1:0 2 11 6 0 4 5 2 2 2; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"MS Mincho"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"ÿ-ÿ3 fg"; mso-font-charset:128; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:fixed; mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;} @font-face {font-family:TimesNewRoman; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} h1 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:8.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:4.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; text-indent:.15in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:1; mso-list:l13 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:.15in list .4in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-variant:small-caps; mso-font-kerning:0pt; font-weight:normal;} h2 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:6.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:.2in; text-indent:-.2in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:2; mso-list:l13 level2 lfo5; tab-stops:list .25in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;} h3 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:9.0pt; line-height:12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:3; mso-list:l13 level3 lfo6; tab-stops:list 27.0pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;} h4 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:2.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:2.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; text-indent:.25in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:4; mso-list:l13 level4 lfo7; tab-stops:list .5in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;} h5 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:8.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:4.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:5; tab-stops:.25in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-variant:small-caps; font-weight:normal;} h6 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:6; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;} p.MsoHeading7, li.MsoHeading7, div.MsoHeading7 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:7; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial;} p.MsoHeading8, li.MsoHeading8, div.MsoHeading8 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:8; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic;} p.MsoHeading9, li.MsoHeading9, div.MsoHeading9 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:9; font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:8.5pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-8.5pt; line-height:11.0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:8.5pt; font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Times;} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:11.35pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 3.15in right 6.3in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times;} p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:6.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {font-size:6.0pt; mso-text-raise:3.0pt; vertical-align:baseline; vertical-align:baseline;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText {margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; line-height:95%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; letter-spacing:-.05pt;} p.MsoBodyTextIndent, li.MsoBodyTextIndent, div.MsoBodyTextIndent {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:11.35pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:TimesNewRoman;} p.MsoBodyText3, li.MsoBodyText3, div.MsoBodyText3 {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Times; color:black;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} p.MsoDocumentMap, li.MsoDocumentMap, div.MsoDocumentMap {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#C6D5EC; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Lucida Grande";} pre {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:.5in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";} table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} table.MsoTableGrid {font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.Abstract, li.Abstract, div.Abstract {mso-style-name:Abstract; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} p.Affiliation, li.Affiliation, div.Affiliation {mso-style-name:Affiliation; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.Author, li.Author, div.Author {mso-style-name:Author; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:.25in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:2.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.bulletlist, li.bulletlist, div.bulletlist {mso-style-name:"bullet list"; mso-style-parent:"Body Text"; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:.45in; text-align:justify; text-indent:-.25in; line-height:95%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .45in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; letter-spacing:-.05pt;} p.equation, li.equation, div.equation {mso-style-name:equation; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; line-height:90%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 1.75in right 3.5in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} p.figurecaption, li.figurecaption, div.figurecaption {mso-style-name:"figure caption"; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:4.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; text-indent:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l20 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.footnote, li.footnote, div.footnote {mso-style-name:footnote; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:2.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-indent:.2in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list .45in; mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.35pt; mso-element-frame-vspace:9.35pt; mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside; mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page; mso-element-left:306.05pt; mso-element-top:28.85pt; mso-height-rule:exactly; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.keywords, li.keywords, div.keywords {mso-style-name:"key words"; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; text-indent:.2in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;} p.papersubtitle, li.papersubtitle, div.papersubtitle {mso-style-name:"paper subtitle"; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.papertitle, li.papertitle, div.papertitle {mso-style-name:"paper title"; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:24.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.references, li.references, div.references {mso-style-name:references; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:2.5pt; margin-left:.25in; text-align:justify; text-indent:-.25in; line-height:9.0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops:list .25in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.sponsors, li.sponsors, div.sponsors {mso-style-name:sponsors; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:.2in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; border:none; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in; mso-padding-alt:2.0pt 0in 0in 0in; mso-element:frame; mso-element-wrap:auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column; mso-element-left:30.75pt; mso-element-top:111.95pt; mso-height-rule:exactly; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.tablecolhead, li.tablecolhead, div.tablecolhead {mso-style-name:"table col head"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} p.tablecolsubhead, li.tablecolsubhead, div.tablecolsubhead {mso-style-name:"table col subhead"; mso-style-parent:"table col head"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;} p.tablecopy, li.tablecopy, div.tablecopy {mso-style-name:"table copy"; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.tablefootnote, li.tablefootnote, div.tablefootnote {mso-style-name:"table footnote"; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:1.5pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:right; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:6.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.tablehead, li.tablehead, div.tablehead {mso-style-name:"table head"; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; text-indent:0in; line-height:90%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list .75in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-variant:small-caps;} p.title, li.title, div.title {mso-style-name:title; mso-style-next:Author; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:23.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; text-indent:11.35pt; page-break-before:always; mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid; mso-hyphenate:none; tab-stops:14.2pt; font-size:14.0pt; font-family:Times; font-weight:bold;} p.p1a, li.p1a, div.p1a {mso-style-name:p1a; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times;} p.author0, li.author0, div.author0 {mso-style-name:author; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:11.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:center; text-indent:11.35pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times;} p.Appendix2, li.Appendix2, div.Appendix2 {mso-style-name:"Appendix 2"; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.4in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-.4in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l8 level2 lfo16; tab-stops:list .4in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; font-weight:bold;} p.Appendix1, li.Appendix1, div.Appendix1 {mso-style-name:Appendix1; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.3in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; text-indent:-.3in; page-break-before:always; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l8 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 1.25in; font-size:16.0pt; font-family:Times; font-weight:bold;} p.NumberedItem, li.NumberedItem, div.NumberedItem {mso-style-name:"Numbered Item"; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:11.35pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.35pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-list:l8 level3 lfo16; tab-stops:11.35pt 22.7pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times;} p.heading2, li.heading2, div.heading2 {mso-style-name:heading2; mso-style-next:p1a; margin-top:22.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:11.0pt; margin-left:0in; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid; mso-hyphenate:none; tab-stops:25.5pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; font-weight:bold;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-footnote-separator:url(":MCC_ESSR05_final_files:header.htm") fs; mso-footnote-continuation-separator:url(":MCC_ESSR05_final_files:header.htm") fcs; mso-endnote-separator:url(":MCC_ESSR05_final_files:header.htm") es; mso-endnote-continuation-separator:url(":MCC_ESSR05_final_files:header.htm") ecs;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:.75in 44.65pt 1.0in 44.65pt; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} @page Section2 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:.75in 44.65pt 1.0in 44.65pt; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-columns:2 not-even 235.05pt .5in 235.05pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section2 {page:Section2;} @page Section3 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:.75in 44.65pt 1.0in 44.65pt; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section3 {page:Section3;} @page Section4 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:.75in 44.65pt 1.0in 44.65pt; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-columns:2 even .25in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section4 {page:Section4;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:-5; mso-list-template-ids:-1;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-number-format:none; mso-level-text:""; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in;} @list l0:level2 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-number-format:none; mso-level-text:""; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in;} @list l0:level3 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-number-format:none; mso-level-text:""; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in;} @list l0:level4 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-text:%4; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l0:level5 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-text:%5; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l0:level6 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-text:%6; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l0:level7 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-text:%7; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l0:level8 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-text:%8; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l0:level9 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-text:%9; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:0in; mso-level-legacy-space:0in; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l1 {mso-list-id:61566759; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:24696640 984073 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l2 {mso-list-id:222105763; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-5880780 66569 197641 328713 66569 197641 328713 66569 197641 328713;} @list l2:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.6in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.6in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:253132693; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-112958014 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.25in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l3:level2 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:.75in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.75in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l4 {mso-list-id:271127984; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1438656518;} @list l4:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l5 {mso-list-id:548340531; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-888242354;} @list l5:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-style:normal;} @list l5:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l5:level3 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l5:level4 {mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l5:level5 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l5:level6 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l5:level7 {mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l5:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l5:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l6 {mso-list-id:599988653; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1350232900 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l6:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.05in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.05in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l7 {mso-list-id:654188495; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:864184674;} @list l7:level1 {mso-level-style-link:footnote; mso-level-text:"%1 "; mso-level-tab-stop:.45in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:.2in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; text-transform:none; text-effect:none; text-shadow:none; text-effect:none; text-effect:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; vertical-align:super;} @list l7:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l7:level3 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l7:level4 {mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l7:level5 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l7:level6 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l7:level7 {mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l7:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l7:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l8 {mso-list-id:878975082; mso-list-template-ids:401645660;} @list l8:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-style-link:Appendix1; mso-level-text:"Appendix %1"; mso-level-tab-stop:1.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.3in; text-indent:-.3in;} @list l8:level2 {mso-level-style-link:"Appendix 2"; mso-level-text:"%1\.%2"; mso-level-tab-stop:.4in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.4in; text-indent:-.4in;} @list l8:level3 {mso-level-style-link:"Numbered Item"; mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3"; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.5in; text-indent:-.5in;} @list l8:level4 {mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4"; mso-level-tab-stop:.6in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.6in; text-indent:-.6in;} @list l8:level5 {mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5"; mso-level-tab-stop:.7in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.7in; text-indent:-.7in;} @list l8:level6 {mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6"; mso-level-tab-stop:.8in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.8in; text-indent:-.8in;} @list l8:level7 {mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7"; mso-level-tab-stop:.9in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.9in; text-indent:-.9in;} @list l8:level8 {mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8"; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:1.0in; text-indent:-1.0in;} @list l8:level9 {mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.%9"; mso-level-tab-stop:1.1in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:1.1in; text-indent:-1.1in;} @list l9 {mso-list-id:926765703; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:889238646 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l9:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l10 {mso-list-id:929432374; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-364893208;} @list l10:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-style-link:"bullet list"; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.45in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.45in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l10:level2 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l10:level3 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð§; mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l10:level4 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l10:level5 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l10:level6 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð§; mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l10:level7 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l10:level8 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Courier New";} @list l10:level9 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð§; mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l11 {mso-list-id:971329478; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:1534232788;} @list l11:level1 {mso-level-start-at:14; mso-level-text:%1; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l12 {mso-list-id:973560877; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-2004946018 1707745582 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505;} @list l12:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%1\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:.75in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.75in; text-indent:-.5in; font-style:italic;} @list l13 {mso-list-id:1099522110; mso-list-template-ids:-1658678094;} @list l13:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-style-link:"Heading 1"; mso-level-tab-stop:.4in; mso-level-number-position:center; margin-left:0in; text-indent:.15in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; text-transform:none; text-effect:none; text-shadow:none; text-effect:none; text-effect:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none; vertical-align:baseline; vertical-align:baseline;} @list l13:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-style-link:"Heading 2"; mso-level-tab-stop:.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.2in; text-indent:-.2in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; text-transform:none; text-effect:none; text-shadow:none; text-effect:none; text-effect:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic; vertical-align:baseline; vertical-align:baseline;} @list l13:level3 {mso-level-style-link:"Heading 3"; mso-level-text:"%3\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:27.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:9.0pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; text-transform:none; text-effect:none; text-shadow:none; text-effect:none; text-effect:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic; vertical-align:baseline; vertical-align:baseline;} @list l13:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-style-link:"Heading 4"; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:.25in; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;} @list l13:level5 {mso-level-number-format:none; mso-level-reset-level:level1; mso-level-text:""; mso-level-tab-stop:2.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:2.0in; text-indent:0in;} @list l13:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:2.75in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:2.5in; text-indent:0in;} @list l13:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:3.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:3.0in; text-indent:0in;} @list l13:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:3.75in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:3.5in; text-indent:0in;} @list l13:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:4.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:4.0in; text-indent:0in;} @list l14 {mso-list-id:1109470129; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1156595616;} @list l14:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l15 {mso-list-id:1186677152; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1301906944 67698689 197641 328713 66569 197641 328713 66569 197641 328713;} @list l15:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.05in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.05in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l16 {mso-list-id:1189761498; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-544821862 1508361 984073 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505;} @list l16:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l17 {mso-list-id:1388991562; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:-1361652098;} @list l17:level1 {mso-level-style-link:references; mso-level-text:"\[%1\]"; mso-level-tab-stop:.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.25in; text-indent:-.25in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal;} @list l18 {mso-list-id:1509556940; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:233204558 984073 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505 984073 1639433 1770505;} @list l18:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l19 {mso-list-id:1661813663; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-762513924 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l19:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:.25in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l20 {mso-list-id:1816144984; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-235373224;} @list l20:level1 {mso-level-style-link:"figure caption"; mso-level-text:"Figure %1\. "; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal;} @list l20:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l20:level3 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l20:level4 {mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l20:level5 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l20:level6 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l20:level7 {mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l20:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in;} @list l20:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; mso-level-number-position:right; text-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l21 {mso-list-id:1825779112; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:375681218;} @list l21:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-style-link:"table head"; mso-level-text:"TABLE %1\. "; mso-level-tab-stop:.75in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:0in; text-indent:0in; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal;} @list l22 {mso-list-id:2129734464; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-178877208;} @list l22:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:ð·; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'> <!-- Banner --> <table BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0"> <tr><td ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP"><table BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="600"><tr><td> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"> <!-- space at top --> <tr><td colspan="13"><img src="/graphics/dot_clear.gif" width="1" height="5" alt=""><br></td></tr> <tr><!-- row 1 --> <td colspan="13"><img src="/graphics/smalltop.gif" width="600" height="6" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr><!-- row 2 --> <td rowspan="2"><img src="/graphics/smallleft.gif" width="102" height="23" border="0" alt=""></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><a href="/"><img src="/graphics/smallhome.gif" width="38" height="16" border="0" alt="Home"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/divider16.gif" width="17" height="16" border="0" alt=""></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><a href="/about"><img src="/graphics/smallabout.gif" width="90" height="16" border="0" alt="About USENIX"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/divider16.gif" width="17" height="16" border="0" alt=""></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><a href="/events"><img src="/graphics/smallevents.gif" width="42" height="16" border="0" alt="Events"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/divider16.gif" width="17" height="16" border="0" alt=""></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><a href="/membership"><img src="/graphics/smallmembership.gif" width="78" height="16" border="0" alt="Membership"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/divider16.gif" width="17" height="16" border="0" alt=""></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><a href="/publications"><img src="/graphics/smallpublications.gif" width="77" height="16" border="0" alt="Publications"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/divider16.gif" width="17" height="16" border="0" alt=""></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><a href="/students"><img src="/graphics/smallstudents.gif" width="54" height="16" border="0" alt="Students"></a></td> <td bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/smallright16.gif" width="34" height="16" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr><!-- row 3 --> <td colspan=12 bgcolor="#666666"><img src="/graphics/dot_clear.gif" width="2" height="7" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table> <!-- End of Banner --> <table width=100% border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=8><tr><td> <font SIZE="+1" COLOR="#990000" FACE="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> <b>EESR '05 Paper</b></font>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp <font SIZE="-1" FACE="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif">[<a href="/events/mobisys05/eesr05/eesr05.html">EESR '05 Technical Program</a>]</font> <p> <!-- START OF PAGE CONTENTS --> <div class=Section1> <p class=papertitle>Meteorological Command and Control: </p> <p class=papersubtitle>An End-to-end Architecture for a Hazardous Weather Detection Sensor Network </p> </div> <span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br clear=ALL style='page-break-before:auto; mso-break-type:section-break'> </span> <div class=Section2> <p class=Author><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><i>Michael Zink, David Westbrook, Sherief Abdallah, Bryan Horling, Vijay Lakamraju, Eric Lyons, Victoria Manfredi, Jim Kurose</i></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=Affiliation><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Dept. of Computer Science, and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=Affiliation><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=Affiliation><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=Affiliation><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=Affiliation><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=Author><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><i>Kurt Hondl<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class=Affiliation>National Severe Storms Laboratory<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=Affiliation>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=Affiliation>Norman, OK 73019, USA<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br clear=ALL style='page-break-before:auto; mso-break-type:section-break'> </span> <div class=Section3> <p class=Affiliation style='text-align:justify'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> </div> <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br clear=ALL style='page-break-before:auto; mso-break-type:section-break'> </span> <div class=Section4> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><i>Abstract</i><span style='font-style:normal'>  </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>We overview the software architecture for a network of low-powered radars (sensors) that collaboratively and adaptively sense the lowest few kilometers of the earth s atmosphere. We focus on the system s main control loop  ingesting data from remote radars, identifying meteorological features in this data, and determining each radar s future scan strategy based on detected features and end-user requirements. Our initial benchmarks show that that these components generally have sub-second execution times, making them well-suited for our NetRad system.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <h1 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-text-indent-alt:.15in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>I.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Introduction<o:p></o:p></h1> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>Distributed Adaptive Collaborative Sensing (DCAS) of the atmosphere is a new paradigm for detecting and predicting hazardous weather using a dense network of low-powered radars to sense the lowest few kilometers of the earth s atmosphere [McLaughlin 2005]. <i>Distributed </i><span style='font-style:normal'>refers to the use of large numbers of small radars, spaced close enough to see  close to the ground in spite of the Earth s curvature and avoid resolution degradation caused by radar beam spreading. </span><i>Collaborative </i><span style='font-style:normal'>operation refers to the coordination (when advantageous) of the beams from multiple radars to view the same region in space, thus achieving greater sensitivity, precision, and resolution than possible with a single radar. </span><i>Adaptive </i><span style='font-style:normal'>refers to the ability of these radars and their associated computing and communications infrastructure to dynamically reconfigure in response to changing weather conditions and end-user needs. The principal components of the DCAS system include sensors (radars); meteorological algorithms that detect, track, and predict hazards; interfaces that enable end-users to access the system; storage; and an underlying substrate of distributed computation that dynamically processes sensed data and manages system resources. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>NetRad is a prototype DCAS system whose goal is to detect a tornado within 60 seconds of formation and to track its centroid with a temporal error no greater than 60 seconds. At the heart (or perhaps more appropriately, the brains ) of NetRad is its Meteorological Command and Control (MC&amp;C) component that performs the system s main control loop  ingesting data from remote radars, identifying meteorological features in this data, reporting features to end-users, and determining each radar s future scan strategy based on detected features and end-user requirements. In this sense, NetRad is truly an end-end system, from the sensing radars through the computing and communication infrastructure and algorithms, to the end users.</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>In this paper, we describe the software architecture of NetRad s MC&amp;C and present initial benchmarks of its computational/communication requirements and performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The important components of the MC&amp;C that we study in the paper are <i>(i)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> the data ingest, field retrieval, and meteorological detection algorithms, </span><i>(ii)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> a feature repository that maintains a multi-level grid of feature values with associated user-based utilities, and that generates new sensing tasks for the networked radars, and </span><i>(iii)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> a resource allocation/optimization process that determines the radars  scan strategy for the next system heartbeat. We discuss event notification mechanisms, and the computation of user-based utilities for competing sensing requests. We also discuss how NetRad timing considerations are addressed by structuring the feature repository as a blackboard system that temporally decouples data ingest/processing from the generation/optimization of future sensing activity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Our initial benchmarks, obtained by evaluating NetRad components using reflectivity and wind velocity data from the NOAA NEXRAD WSR88D system [NOAA 2005] show that that these components generally have sub-second execution times, making them well suited for use in the NetRad system.</span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>In the following section we briefly describe the overall NetRad system, and then dive down into the details of NetRad s MC&amp;C architecture. In section 3, we present benchmark execution times for various MC&amp;C components.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Section 4 summarizes this paper and discusses our future research efforts.</p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <h1 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-text-indent-alt:.15in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>II.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>NetRad System Overview and the MC&amp;C Architecture.<o:p></o:p></h1> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=p1a>We are currently building a NetRad prototype system to be deployed in southwestern Oklahoma, consisting of four mechanically scanned X-band radars atop small towers, and a central control site (later to be decentralized as the number of radars increases) known as the System Operations and Control Center (SOCC). The SOCC consists of a cluster of commodity processors and storage on which the MC&amp;C components execute. </p> <p class=p1a><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoBodyText>NetRad radars are spaced approximately 30 km apart from each other and together scan an area of 80km x 80km and up to3 km in height. Each radar is tasked to scan an angular sector of up to 360 degrees in 1-degree increments, with a range gate (radial voxel) size of 100 meters out to 30 km. With two elevation scans during each tasking, each radar can thus produce up to 360*300*2 = 216K reflectivity and velocity values each time it is tasked. While existing meteorological radar systems such as NEXRAD generally operate in sit and spin  mode (taking full 360-degree volume scans independently of location and type of meteorological features present), NetRad radars are tasked by the MC&amp;C to focus on volumes of high interest to end-users, as discussed below.</p> <p class=MsoBodyText>Each radar consists of three subsystems: </p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo26; tab-stops:list 9.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]>The <b>Rotating Tower Top</b><span style='font-weight:normal'> houses the radar unit and an embedded system that monitors the radar s operational parameters and enables operator actions in the case of anomalies (e.g., mechanical problems). </span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo26; tab-stops:list 9.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]>The <b>Non-rotating Tower Top Subsystem</b><span style='font-weight:normal'> is located below the rotating joint and houses a data acquisition board (based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology), a radar controller, and a Gigabit Ethernet switch. The FPGA processes raw digitized data (at a rate of approximately 100 Mbps) into packets that are sent via the switch over a fiber optic cable to the Tower Base Subsystem. The radar controller controls the movement of the radar pedestal. </span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo26; tab-stops:list 9.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]>The <b>Tower Base Subsystem</b><span style='font-weight:normal'> consists of a compute cluster (currently just a single node) and an IDE RAID storage system, connected via a Gigabit Ethernet switch to a router. The tower base takes raw radar data, computes so-called moment data (essentially an average of multiple radar-pulse measurements for a given voxel of space), while performing quality control (e.g., attenuation correction and range folding) on this data. The 1 Mbps moment data is sent to the SOCC over OneNet [OneNet 2005], an IP network operated by the Oklahoma state regents, which is configured to provide 4 Mbps connectivity from each radar to the SOCC. Raw data is archived at the tower base storage and can be transferred to SOCC storage in the background.</span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1564" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute; left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;width:259.75pt;height:162.15pt; z-index:1;mso-position-horizontal:left;mso-position-vertical:top; mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image001.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image002.wmf" o:title=""/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchory="margin"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_s1564" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596442"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=347 height=217 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1564"><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL> The SOCC is a centralized compute cluster (later to be decentralized) interconnected via a Gigabit switch, on which the MC&amp;C algorithms execute. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the SOCC has five main components <i>(i)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> data ingest and storage, </span><i>(ii)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> meteorological feature detection and multi-radar merging, </span><i>(iii)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> feature repository, </span><i>(iv)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> utility and task generation, and </span><i>(v)</i><span style='font-style:normal'> optimization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We describe each of these functions below in more detail, roughly following the path taken by radar data through the MC&amp;C, and the resulting re-tasking of the radars.</span></p> <h2><![if !supportLists]>A.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Data Ingest and Storage <o:p></o:p></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText>One SOCC computer is responsible for data ingest, archiving and distribution. Here, moment data (as well as the higher rate raw data, which is transferred at low priority) is streamed from the sensor nodes to the MC&amp;C detection algorithms, and written to storage. In the future, both moment and raw data will be available to end-users via a query interface. </p> <p class=MsoBodyText><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1566" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left; margin-left:.25pt;margin-top:0;width:252pt;height:252pt;z-index:2; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:14.4pt;mso-position-vertical:top; mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image004.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image005.wmf" o:title=""/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchory="margin"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_s1566" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596444"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr> <td width=1 height=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img width=336 height=336 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1566"></td> </tr> </table> </span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL> Data from each elevation scan is sent from a remote radar to the MC&amp;C data ingest routines using LDM [LDM 2005], client/server middleware that reliably transfers radar data over a TCP connection. Given the pre-provisioning of OneNet bandwidth for NetRad use, congestion loss is not a concern in our initial testbed. However, we are currently developing a UDP-based transport protocol that uses application-specific selective dropping for congestion-control in bandwidth-constrained environments [Banka 2005]. As illustrated in Figure 2, the per-radar received reflectivity and wind velocity data for an elevation scan are converted to NetCDF format, and stored in a file. An event is then posted and distributed among the MC&amp;C procedures using the Linear Buffer (LB) pub/sub construct of the WDSSII software [Hondl 2003]. In section 3, we report the time needed to transfer an elevation scan from sender to receiver over a Gigabit LAN switch using LDM, write the associated files and post/distribute an event.</p> <p class=MsoBodyText><b><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></p> <br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=all> <h2><![if !supportLists]>B.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Meteorological Feature Detection, Multi-radar Data Merging<o:p></o:p></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText>Once the notifications of available per-elevation reflectivity and wind velocity data have been posted, various meteorological detection algorithms can then read this data and perform feature detection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Figure 2 shows two such algorithms: <i>LLSD</i><span style='font-style:normal'> (for which we provide per-elevation execution times in Section 3) computes wind shear and rotational divergence; </span><i>TDA</i><span style='font-style:normal'> performs tornado vortex detection. Other per-radar detection algorithms can be easily plugged in  using the LB pub/sub mechanism. Once a detection algorithm completes its execution, notification is provided through the LB. The </span><i>merge </i><span style='font-style:normal'>procedure converts polar coordinate data to latitude/longitude coordinates, and fuses together spatially overlapping data from multiple radars. We benchmark the performance of the </span><i>merge</i><span style='font-style:normal'> routine in Section 3.</span></p> <h2><![if !supportLists]>C.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>The Feature Repository<o:p></o:p></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText>NetRad system is a &quot;real-time&quot; system in the sense that radars must be re-tasked by the MC&amp;C every 30 seconds  the system heartbeat  interval.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>This heartbeat interval was chosen based on the physical properties of the mechanically-scanned radars, the timescale over which atmospheric conditions change, and the system goal of detecting and tracking tornados within 60 seconds. A notion of heartbeat also allows the radars to easily synchronize their operation (e.g., having overlapping radars scan the same volume in order to perform 3D wind retrieval), and also helps simplify the optimization of radar targeting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>As we evolve from mechanically-scanned radars to rapidly reconfigurable solid-sate radars, we expect to relax the notion of a system heartbeat.</p> <p class=MsoBodyText>As discussed above, radars are retasked based on detected meteorological features and the projected future evolution of these features. In order to decrease the timing dependencies between the ingest/processing of radar data and the generation of radar commands, the MC&amp;C adopts a blackboard-like architecture [Jaganathan 1989]. At the heart of the MC&amp;C is the feature-repository, a multi-level grid that stores both the underlying per-voxel reflectivity and wind velocity data, as well as higher-level spatially-coherent meteorological objects  such as storms cells, areas of high wind shear or precipitation, and tornados. Each object also has a position, a spatial extent for non-point objects, and a tag representing the meteorological phenomenon that the object represents (e.g., storm-cell, mesocyclone, and tornado). The multi-level grid-construction procedure writes this information into the feature repository as needed data becomes available via the linear buffer, as shown in Figure 2. </p> <p class=MsoBodyText>The generation of radar commands (the lower half of the control loop in Figures 1 and 2) proceeds <i>asynchronously</i><span style='font-style:normal'> from the input processing of data (the upper half of the control loop). In this decoupled architecture, detection algorithms continuously post their results to the feature repository. As shown in Figure 3, at 30 second intervals the task generation component posts a set of tasks based on current state of the feature repository, and the optimization component then processes this task set and generates a scan strategy for the radars for the next 30 second cycle. In this design, we have relieved the time pressure on the detection components and somewhat relieved the time pressure on the MC&amp;C components, task generation and optimization. One consequence of this design is that data that is not processed and posted on the feature repository before the task generation begins will not be acted upon until the next cycle of the system. This allows the system to avoid stalling, while waiting for late-arriving data (e.g., due to unanticipated network and processing delays). We are interested in the effects of this &quot;decision lag&quot; and also its relationship to the selection of the value of the system heartbeat.</span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1568" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left; margin-left:0;margin-top:0;width:252.25pt;height:175.3pt;z-index:3; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:14.4pt;mso-position-horizontal:center; mso-position-vertical:top;mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image007.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image008.wmf" o:title=""/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchory="margin"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_s1568" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596446"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=336 height=233 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1568"><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL> Figure 3 illustrates that the data-driven streaming retrieval and detection algorithms write the results of their execution into the feature repository.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Starting <span style='font-family:Symbol'>D</span> time units (where <span style='font-family: Symbol'>D</span> is the execution time of the task generation and optimization algorithms) before the radars are to be re-targeted, the task generation process executes, followed by the optimization process. These processes may use all data available (in both the current time step, and previous time steps) in their computations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Once the optimization process has completed, the radars are then re-targeted for the next 30 second cycle.</p> <p class=MsoBodyText>We note here that the feature repository is the central system data structure.  It is from here that meteorological objects can be obtained and subsequently delivered/displayed to end users.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>It is here that assimilated exogenous data (e.g., from satellite or from NEXRAD) can be stored and merged with NetRad-generated data. <o:p></o:p></p> <h2><![if !supportLists]>D.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Utility, Prediction, and Task Generation<o:p></o:p></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText>Within the feature repository, each voxel and each object has an associated utility that represents the value  of scanning that voxel/object during in the next heartbeat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The utility value weights considerations such as the time since the voxel/object was last scanned, the object type (e.g., scanning an area with a tornado vortex will have higher utility than sensing clear air), and user-based considerations such as the distance from a population center (e.g., among two objects with identical features, the one closer to a population center will have higher utility).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoBodyText>We are currently developing a predicting component (shown with dashed lines in Figure 2) that tracks meteorological phenomena (e.g., a storm s centroid) and predicts their future locations. New objects, corresponding to the predicted future locations of the phenomena, can then be added into the feature repository  allowing these predicting modules to be easily integrated into the current architecture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>In section 3, we present measured execution times of several different algorithms for storm-cell centroid tracking.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoBodyText>The MC&amp;C task-generation component takes objects from the feature repository and produces tasks, with an associated utility, for the optimization component. We use K-means clustering [Jain 1999] to generate the tasks. The initial centroids of the clusters are chosen by sorting the objects by utility and using the K spatially-separated objects with the highest utility as our starting points. This simple pre-clustering step is designed to ensure good spatial coverage for our clusters. The K-means distance metric uses a 4-dimensional vector of parameters: an objects X, Y position, utility, and meteorological type. The relative weighting of these parameters can be adjusted to give differing emphasis to each parameter. After clustering is complete, a final filtering step removes tasks with utility below a given threshold. <o:p></o:p></p> <h2><![if !supportLists]>E.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Optimization<o:p></o:p></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1574" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left; margin-left:270pt;margin-top:486pt;width:227.1pt;height:171.6pt;z-index:6; mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image010.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image011.wmf" o:title=""/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1574'/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchory="margin"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_s1574" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596448"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr> <td width=360 height=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img width=303 height=229 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1574"></td> </tr> </table> </span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL> The input to the radar targeting components is a list of objects that can potentially be scanned and their associated utility. The optimization module determines, for each radar, the angular sector to be scanned (targeted) by that radar for the next 30-second cycle. The overall utility of a given configuration of the radars, will depend not only on the utility of the objects scanned, but also the size of the sector (since larger sectors imply less time spent sensing a given radial) and the number of radars targeting a given volume (since more radars illuminating a volume implies higher accuracy of measurement). For our first testbed, a simple brute-force  approach towards optimization is used that enumerates all possible configurations and computes the associated overall utility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>In section 3, we present measured execution times for this approach. Other, more scalable, approaches towards optimization are currently being investigated.<o:p></o:p></p> <h1 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-text-indent-alt:.15in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>III.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Benchmarking of individual MC&amp;C components<o:p></o:p></h1> <p class=MsoBodyText>In this section, we present empirical measurements of the execution times of various NetRad MC&amp;C components highlighted in Figure 2. All measurements were performed on a PC (3.2 GHz Intel CPU, 1 GB RAM) running Linux (RedHat 2). <o:p></o:p></p> <p class=MsoBodyText>NetRad MC&amp;C component execution times will depend on the radar data ingested by the system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Since, the NetRad system is not completely build or deployed, we use existing NEXRAD [NOAA 2005] radar data and other sources, as described below, as input to the NetRad MC&amp;C components. Recall that NEXRAD radars operate in sit and spin  mode and thus the data ingested in one time period has no influence on the radars  scan strategy in a subsequent time period. Before presenting component runtimes, let us describe the radar data inputs used. <a name="_Ref488246013">Unless otherwise noted,<b> </b></a><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref488246013'></span><a name="_Ref488299962">we use the following six NEXRAD radar data sets, which provide per-radial range-gate reflectivity and wind velocity data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The data sets can be obtained from [CASA NEXRAD-data 2005]. The data in cases 1-4 are generated by a single radar; in cases 5 and 6 data comes from two partially overlapping radars. Each data set consists of sets of elevation scans, with a set of scans taken every five minutes. These sets of elevation scans are the input to our MC&amp;C algorithms.<o:p></o:p></a></p> <div align=center> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse; mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'><b>Test Case<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'><b>Location<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'><b>Date of event<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'><b>Description of Events<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'><b>Single/Multi Radar<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left'><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KLCH<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left'><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Lake Charles <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left'><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>LA<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>11/02 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Late season thunderstorm activity with scattered weak mesocyclones, tornadoes, waterspouts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Single<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KTLX<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Tulsa OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>5/03 1999<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Extreme supercell outbreak including an F-5 tornado, costliest tornado in history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Single<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KFSD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Sioux Falls<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>SD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>5/30-31 1998<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Tornado outbreak with a number of vortices in close proximity to each other.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Single<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>4<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KMLB<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Melbourne<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>FL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:11.35pt'><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>9/05 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:11.35pt'><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Hurricane Frances as it approaches Atlantic Coast of Florida at Category 2/3 with large, well defined eye and intense banding.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:11.35pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Single<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KDDC<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Dodge City<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KS<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>6/06 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>A strong bow-echo sweeping across the state of Kansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Multi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> <tr> <td width=31 valign=top style='width:31.35pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>6<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:45.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KICT<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Wichita<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>KS<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=36 valign=top style='width:.5in;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>6/06 2004<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=99 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>A view of the aforementioned bow-echo case from a radar located further from the event.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <td width=50 valign=top style='width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Multi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><b>Table 1:</b></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-weight:normal'> NEXRAD input data sets<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <h2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><![if !supportLists]>A.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Data Transmission, Storage, Event Posting<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1571" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;width:260.9pt;height:202.8pt; z-index:4;mso-position-horizontal:center;mso-position-vertical:top; mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image013.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image014.wmf" o:title=""/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1571'/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchory="margin"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_s1571" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596450"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=348 height=270 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1571"><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>We begin our benchmarking of the MC&amp;C by considering the time needed to transfer radar data from a remote radar to the SOCC, store the per-elevation data in NetCDF format at the SOCC and post a notification event on the LB.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Our measurements show that approximately one second is needed to compress and transfer a per-elevation scan from radar to SOCC over a Gigabit switch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We note that the nominal media transmission time (transmitting 20 KB of data into a Gigabit link) would increase from .00001 sec to .01sec if the link speed were changed to 1 Mbps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Thus, computing times rather than network media transmission times are the dominant factor here. We also note that these run times are for TCP transfers. We are currently developing a radar transport protocol that uses recent throughput measurements to avoid a slow-start phase [Schmitt 2002], and an application-specific congestion control/packet drop protocol [Banka 2005], as discussed in section 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Once data arrives at the SOCC, reflectivity and velocity data files are created and an event is posted. Figure 4 shows that less than a second of runtime is needed to perform these operations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:234pt;height:189pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image016.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image017.emf" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=234 height=189 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"><![endif]><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596451"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><![if !supportLists]>B.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Detection Algorithms<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>Figure 5 shows the per-elevation scan runtime needed by the LLSD algorithm. The standard deviation of the runtime is shown by the lower-valued super-imposed bar. LLSD requires less than 0.3 seconds per elevation scan on average, with the runtime decreasing with an increasing elevation angle. This behavior results from the fact that radar beams e aimed higher in the atmosphere, see decreased meteorological activity.</span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>Figure 6 shows the <i>merge </i></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><span style='font-style:normal'>runtime for the 6 test cases. We took measurements for all six single radar cases and the additional case where the data for KICT and KDDC is merged. These radars have an overlap of roughly 50% percent. The results show that the runtime increases by approximately 30% with this amount of overlap. The difference between the single radar and the multiple radar case (KICT/KDDC) is that both coordinate conversion and data fusion must be performed for the overlapping region. Again, we see sub-second runtimes for this component.</span></span></p> <h2 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-list:none;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>C. Task Generation, Prediction<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>Recall from our earlier discussion, that the input to the task and utility generation routines is a multi-level grid of lat/long reflectivity and wind velocity values, with higher level objects  superimposed on this grid. In order to use NEXRAD data in a NetRad MC&amp;C environment, we assume that the NEXRAD data covers an 80km x 80km area.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>Two different timing values are collected. The first is the run time of the K-Means algorithm, the second is the time taken posting features to the feature repository. Additional data collected includes the number of points being clustered and the number of iterations required before the K-Means stabilizes on a set of clusters. Figure 7 also shows the runtime for hypothetical scenarios for coarser and finer grid sizes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>We have also investigated the computational requirements of three approaches towards storm cell tracking: the WDSS II SCIT algorithm [Johnson 1998], a simple Kalman filtering algorithm, and a switched Kalman filtering algorithm A comparison of the tracking performance of these three algorithms is beyond the scope of this paper; see [Manfredi 2005] for details.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Here, we note each algorithm requires less than 30 msec of execution time to perform one-step prediction, over 35 storm cell centroid tracks provided by NSSL.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-list:none;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>D. Radar Scanning Optimization<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>The final step in closing the control loop is for the optimization module to determine the sectors to be scanned by the radars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The execution time of the optimization algorithm will depend on the number of radars, the extent to which the radars overlap, and the number/location/size of the meteorological objects in the radars  field.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>Figure 8 plots the average run time and standard deviation for the optimization module und</span><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1573" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:15.1pt;margin-top:0;width:219pt;height:172pt; z-index:5;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text; mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image019.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image020.wmf" o:title=""/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1573'/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_s1573" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596452"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr> <td width=20 height=0></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img width=292 height=229 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1573"></td> </tr> </table> </span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>er several different scenarios, using the <span style='color:black'>KFSD data</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Along the x-axis we vary the number of radars symmetrically placed in the 80x80 grid. We control the amount of overlap of the radars  footprint by changing the radius of each radar s circular footprint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Three runtime curves are plotted for the case of zero overlap (the edges of the radars  footprint are coincident but non-overlapping), 33% overlap, and 67% overlap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>For the case of 4 radars placed on 80km x 80km grid with 33% overlap, we see that the expected runtime is approximately 30 ms.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoCaption><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><a name="_Ref507237768"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:252pt;height:193pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image022.gif" o:althref="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image023.emf" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=252 height=193 src="MCC_ESSR05_final_files/image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026"><![endif]><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Word.Picture.8" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1050596454"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></a></span></p> <h1 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-text-indent-alt:.15in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>IV.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Conclusions and Outlook</span></h1> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>In this paper, we have described the software architecture of the meteorological command and control (MC&amp;C) component of a NetRad prototype system currently under development  a dense network of low-powered radars that collaboratively and adaptively sense the lowest few kilometers of the earth s atmosphere The MC&amp;C performs the system s main control loop  ingesting data from remote radars, identifying meteorological features in this data, reporting features to end-users, and determining each radar s future scan strategy based on detected features and end-user requirements. Our initial benchmarks, obtained by evaluating NetRad components using NEXRAD data show that that these components generally have sub-second execution times, making them well-suited for use in the NetRad system. Our future research will include the deployment and demonstration of the NetRad system, and continued enhancement of the detection, tracking, and optimization components.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Thus far we have focused on a centralized view of the command and control architecture, which is appropriate given the relatively small number of radars in the initial testbed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>However, several factors make control more difficult as the network scales, and preclude a purely centralized architecture. We are thus currently investigating distributed MC&amp;C architectures that take advantage of the limited coupling among radars over large geographic areas.</span></p> <h1 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-text-indent-alt:.15in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>V.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>Acknowledgements</span></h1> <p class=MsoBodyText><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'>We are grateful to Mark Simms for supplying scripts for processing WDSS II data, and Jerry Brotzge for many insightful conversations regarding the MC&amp;C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant EEC-0313747 001<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref488299962'></span> <h1 style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;mso-text-indent-alt:.15in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>VI.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><![endif]>References</h1> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>[Banka 2005] </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>T. Banka, B. Donovan, V. Chandrasekar, A. Jayasumana,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>J. Kurose, Data Transport Challenges in Emerging High-Bandwidth Real-Time Collaborative Adaptive Sensing Systems (poster)  to appear, <i>IEEE Infocom 2005.</i></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>[CASA NEXRAD-data 2005]</b></span><span style='font-size: 9.0pt'> http://www.casa.umass.edu/eesr_data_sets<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=references align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:none;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>[Hondl 2002] </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>K. Hondl, Capabilities and Components of the Warning Decision and Support System  Integrated Information (WDSS-II),<b> </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><i>Proc. American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Jan. 2003 (Long Beach).</i></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><a name="_Ref507131247"><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[Horling 2005] B. </b></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Horling, V. Lesser, </span></span><a href="http://mas.cs.umass.edu/paper/378"><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none'>Distribution Strategies for Collaborative and Adaptive Sensor Networks</span></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>..  <i>Proc. Int. Conf. Integration of Knowledge Intensive Multi-Agent Systems (KIMAS 2005)</i></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>. April 2005. To appear.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=references style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:none; tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'><b>[Jaganathan 1989]</b></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'> V. Jagannathan, R. Dodhiawala, L. Baum, <i>Blackboard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Architectures, Applications</i></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>. Academic Press, 1989.</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=references style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:none; tab-stops:.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[Jaim 1999</b></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark: _Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>] A.&nbsp;K. Jain, M.&nbsp;N. Murty, P.&nbsp;J. Flynn. Data clustering: a review. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Ref507131247'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>, 31(3):264-323, 1999</span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[Johnson 1998]</b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'> J. Johnson, <i>et al.,</i></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'> The Storm Cell Identification and Tracking Algorithm: an Enhanced WSR-88D algorithm,  Weather and Forecasting, 13: 263-276, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=references align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:none;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>[LDM 2005] </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Local Data Manager (LDM).  http://my.unidata.ucar.edu/content/software/ldm/index.html<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class=references align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:none;tab-stops:.5in'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[NOAA 2005]</b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Radar Resources,  http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/radar/radarresources.html<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[Manfredi 2005] </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>V. Mandfredi, S. Mahadevan, J. Kurose, Kalman Filters for Prediction and Tracking in an Adaptive Sensor Network,  Technical Report 05-07, CS Dept., U. Massachusetts.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[McLaughlin 2005]</b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'> D. McLaughlin, V. Chandrasekar, K. Droegemeier, S. Frasier, J. Kurose, F. Junyent, B. Philips, S. Cruz-Pol, J. Colom, Distributed Collaborative Adaptive Sensing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>for Improved Detection, Understanding, and Predicting of Atmospheric Hazards, <i>Proc. Ann. Am. Meteorological Soc. Mtg.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>[OneNet 2005] </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>OneNet, Oklahoma s Technology Network , http://www.onenet.net<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:left; text-indent:-9.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><b>[Schmidtt 2002] </b></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>J. Schmitt, M. Zink, S. Theiss, R. Steinmetz, Improving the Startup Behavior of TCP-Friendly Media Transmission,  <i>Proc. Int. Network Conference (INC02).</i></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <!-- END OF PAGE CONTENTS --> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <table BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="LEFT"> <tr><td VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="40%"> <address> <font SIZE="2">This paper was originally published in the Proceedings of the Workshop on End-to-End, Sense-and-Respond Systems, Applications, and Services, <BR> June 5, 2005<BR> Seattle, WA </font><br> <!-- EDIT THE DATE AND YOUR LOGIN NAME BELOW --> <font SIZE="2">Last changed: 1 June 2005 aw</font><br> </address> </td><td VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="RIGHT" WIDTH="60%"> <!-- Upwards Navigation Table --> <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0> <tr><td> <a href="/events/mobisys05/eesr05"><font size=1>EESR '05 Home</font></a><br> </td></tr> <tr><td> <a href="/"><font size=1>USENIX home</font></a><br> </td></tr></table> <!-- End of Upwards Navigation Table --> </td></tr></table> </td></tr></table> </center> </body> </html>